O caminho das pedras no diagnóstico e tratamento da síndrome obstrutiva ilíaca venosa crônica / Best practices in diagnosis and treatment of chronic iliac vein obstruction

Resumo A obstrução venosa ilíaca ocorre em 20% a 30% da população. Nos portadores de insuficiência venosa crônica grave, essa prevalência é ainda maior, podendo chegar a 50% a 90% dos pacientes, situação em que essa obstrução é investigada pelo ultrassom intravascular. Métodos diagnósticos menos invasivos, como o Doppler vascular, ou mesmo invasivos, como a flebografia, podem falhar em seu diagnóstico. O tratamento endovascular dessas obstruções tem se demonstrado eficaz, seguro e associado a excelente resultado clínico e de perviedade, desde que princípios anatômicos e técnicos fundamentais sejam considerados e aplicados.

Abstract Iliac vein obstruction occurs in 20-30% of the general population. In patients with severe chronic venous insufficiency, this prevalence can be even higher, reaching 50-90% when the obstruction is investigated using intravascular ultrasound. Less invasive methods, such as venous Duplex Scanning, and even invasive ones such as venography may fail to diagnose the condition. Endovascular treatment of these obstructions is effective, safe, and associated with excellent clinical outcomes and stent patency rates, provided that fundamental anatomical and technical principles are considered and applied.

Tratamento endovascular de trombose venosa profunda associada à Síndrome de May-Thurner / Endovascular treatment of deep venous thrombosis related to May-Thurner syndrome

A trombose venosa profunda (TVP) é a causa mais frequente e mais evitável de óbitos intra-hospitalares em todo o mundo. Descreve-se, neste relato, paciente feminina, de 43 anos de idade, que desenvolveu TVP em membro inferior esquerdo sem, aparentemente, fatores de risco associados. O diagnóstico de TVP aguda em mulher adulta ou adulta-jovem, sobretudo à esquerda, inclui a possibilidade de se associar com a variação anatômica da Síndrome de May-Thurner, o que torna menos adequado o seu tratamento isolado e conservador com anticoagulantes, uma vez que não aborda a sua causa base. Nesta situação clinico-cirúrgica, é necessária intervenção cirúrgica para retirar a compressão mecânica extrínseca da veia ilíaca comum esquerda pela artéria ilíaca comum direita, como revelada neste relato, por intermédio da angioplastia transluminal percutânea com colocação de stent auto-expansível. Este relato alerta para a importância da busca de diagnóstico etiopatogênico correto para a decisão terapêutica apropriada, o que permite a abordagem mais efetiva e condizente com a melhor recuperação e retorno à higidez. (AU)

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is the most frequent and most preventable cause of in-hospital deaths worldwide. We described in this report a 43-year-old female patient who developed DVT in the lower left limb without apparently associated risk factors. The diagnosis of acute DVT in an adult or young adult woman, especially on the left, includes the possibility of being associated with the anatomical variation of the May-Thurner Syndrome, which makes her isolated and conservative treatment with anticoagulants less suitable, because does not address its underlying cause. In this clinical-surgical situation, surgical intervention is required to remove the extrinsic mechanical compression of the left common iliac vein by the common iliac artery, as revealed in this report, through percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with selfexpanding stent placement. This report alerts to the importance of the correct etiopathogenic diagnostic search for the appropriate therapeutic decision, which allows the most effective approach, consistent with the best recovery and return to health. (AU)

Iliac vein compression syndrome: literature review / Síndrome de compressão da veia ilíaca: revisão de literatura

Iliac vein compression syndrome is a clinical condition in which the right common iliac artery extrinsically compresses the left common iliac vein. The syndrome predominantly affects young women between their 2nd and 4th decades of life. In view of the syndrome's potential complications, it should be recognized/diagnosed and treated in symptomatic patients before it causes irreversible damage to patients' venous systems. Noninvasive methods, such as venous color Doppler US are reasonable screening methods, but angiotomography and magnetic resonance angiography are more reliable diagnostic tools and the method of choice for confirmation of diagnosis remains multi-plane phlebography with measurement of pressure gradients. Endovascular treatment (angioplasty with placement of self-expanding stents) is safe and effective and can replace open surgical reconstruction and/or anticoagulation alone...

A Síndrome de Compressão da Veia Ilíaca (SCVI) é uma situação clínica na qual a artéria ilíaca comum direita comprime extrinsecamente a veia ilíaca comum esquerda. Há uma predominância em mulheres jovens, entre a segunda e a quarta décadas de vida. Levando-se em consideração as complicações potenciais da síndrome, esta deve ser reconhecida/diagnosticada e tratada, em pacientes sintomáticos, antes que cause alterações irreversíveis no sistema venoso do paciente. Métodos não invasivos, como o US-Doppler colorido, quando realizados por examinadores experientes, são métodos de triagem razoáveis; porém, a angiotomografia e a angiorressonância são mais fidedignas. O método de escolha para a confirmação diagnóstica consiste na flebografia, em múltiplas incidências, com aferição de gradientes pressóricos. O tratamento endovascular (angioplastia com colocação de stent autoexpansível) é seguro e efetivo, podendo substituir a reconstrução cirúrgica aberta e/ou a anticoagulação isolada...

Stent Compression in Iliac Vein Compression Syndrome Associated with Acute Ilio-Femoral Deep Vein Thrombosis

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to evaluate stent compression in iliac vein compression syndrome (IVCS) and to identify its association with stent patency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between May 2005 and June 2014, after stent placement for the treatment of IVCS with acute ilio-femoral deep vein thrombosis, follow-up CT venography was performed in 48 patients (35 women, 13 men; age range 23-87 years; median age 56 years). Using follow-up CT venography, the degree of the stent compression was calculated and used to divide patients into two groups. Possible factors associated with stent compression and patency were evaluated. The cumulative degree of stent compression and patency rate were analyzed. RESULTS: All of the stents used were laser-cut nitinol stents. The proportion of limbs showing significant stent compression was 33%. Fifty-six percent of limbs in the significant stent compression group developed stent occlusion. On the other hand, only 9% of limbs in the insignificant stent compression group developed stent occlusion. Significant stent compression was inversely correlated with stent patency (p < 0.001). The median patency period evaluated with Kaplan-Meier analysis was 20.0 months for patients with significant stent compression. Other factors including gender, age, and type of stent were not correlated with stent patency. Significant stent compression occurred most frequently (87.5%) at the upper end of the stent (ilio-caval junction). CONCLUSION: Significant compression of nitinol stents placed in IVCS highly affects stent patency. Therefore, in order to prevent stent compression in IVCS, nitinol stents with higher radial resistive force may be required.